Evolution of sanctioning systems and opting out of games of life
نویسندگان
چکیده
In explaining altruistic cooperation and punishment, the challenging riddle is how transcendental rules can emerge within the empirical world. Recent game-theoretical studies show that pool punishment, in particular second-order punishment, plays a key role in understanding the evolution of cooperation. Second-order pool punishment, however, is tautological in nature: the punishment system itself is caused by its own effects. The emergence of pool punishment poses a logical conundrum that to date has been overlooked in the study of the evolution of social norms and institutions. Here we tackle the issue by considering the interplay of (a) cognitive biases in reasoning and (b) Agamben’s notion of homo sacer (Agamben, G. 1998. Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life. Stanford Univ. Press), that is, a person who may be killed without legal consequence. Based on cognitive disposition of reversing the cause-and-effect relationship, then we propose a new system: preemptive punishment of homo sacers. This action can lead to retrospectively forming moral assessment in particular for second-order pool punishment.
منابع مشابه
Evolution of Cooperation in Public Goods Games with Stochastic Opting-Out
This paper investigates the evolution of strategic play where players drawn from a finite well-mixed population are offered the opportunity to play in a public goods game. All players accept the offer. However, due to the possibility of unforeseen circumstances, each player has a fixed probability of being unable to participate in the game, unlike similar models which assume voluntary participa...
متن کاملCommitment to Cooperation and Peer Punishment: Its Evolution
Theoretical and empirical studies have generally weighed the effect of peer punishment and pool punishment for sanctioning free riders separately. However, these sanctioning mechanisms often pose a puzzling tradeoff between efficiency and stability in detecting and punishing free riders. Here, we combine the key aspects of these qualitatively different mechanisms in terms of evolutionary game t...
متن کاملEffect of Group Physical Games on Life Quality of Older Adults at Adult Daycare Centers
Introduction: Physical activity is a predictor of the health outcomes of the older adults, and many approaches have been introduced for its implementation. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of group physical games on life quality (QOL) of older adults at an adult day care center. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted using pre-test and post-test. Using convenienc...
متن کاملDynamic system of strategic games
Maybe an event can't be modeled completely through one game but there is more chance with several games. With emphasis on players' rationality, we present new properties of strategic games, which result in production of other games. Here, a new attitude to modeling will be presented in game theory as dynamic system of strategic games and its some applications such as analysis of the clash betwe...
متن کاملVoluntary rewards mediate the evolution of pool punishment for maintaining public goods in large populations
Punishment is a popular tool when governing commons in situations where free riders would otherwise take over. It is well known that sanctioning systems, such as the police and courts, are costly and thus can suffer from those who free ride on other's efforts to maintain the sanctioning systems (second-order free riders). Previous game-theory studies showed that if populations are very large, p...
متن کامل